Principles

Axis

Axis is a line that is created by two points and is used for a system metrical or balanced manner. It can be useful when it is used to indentify movement and the direction of movement in a work of art. With its definition, an axis has to be terminated at both of its ends to serve both send and receive its visual thrust.

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Symmetry

Symmetry is created by the balanced arrangement of equivalent patterns of form and space on opposite sides of dividing line or plane, or about a center or axis. Symmetry includes Bilateral and Radial symmetry. Bilateral means the balanced arrangement of similar on opposite sides of a median axis. However, Radial means the balanced arrangement of radiating elements which can be divided into similar halves.

The Marble Temple, bangkok, Thailand

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Hierarchy 

Hierarchy’s rule is simply presenting the differences and importance in the design of form and space. The image below presents the principle of hierarchy that provides the differences in designing the two domes, one facing up and the other down.

Congresso National, Brasil

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Rhythm

Rhythm is about any recurring movement presented by patterns or motifs at any regular or irregular intervals. In architecture, the rhythm also unites in the basis of repetition as a method to manage forms and spaces.

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Datum

A datum means a line, plane, or volume of reference to connect other elements.  It also organizes any pattern of elements in any form through its regularity, continuity, and constant presence.

Telefónica Headquarters, Madrid, Spain



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Transformation

The basis of transformation in architecture provides a designer to choose any prototype of architecture models or elements to create or transform it through the series of separate manipulation to respond the specific design. The image below is a shelf that is developed from several small shelves to create the new one for a specific purpose.

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Proportion and Scale

Golden Section 


Golden Section comes from the Pythagorean concept. The Golden Section can be defined as the ratio of the whole line to the large segment which is the same as the ratio of the large segment to the small segment.

 Temple of Neptune

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Classical Orders 

Classical Order is any of several styles of classical architecture that are defined by the particular type of column which is Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite. A column is composed of a shaft together with its base and its capital. The column supports a section of an entablature which constitutes the upper horizontal part of a classical building and is itself composed of an architrave, frieze, and cornice. The image is example of Corinthian column.

The Medici-Riccardi Palazzo

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Renaissance Theories

Renaissance Theories is the basic ratio of proportion of the architecture which was developed from the architects of the Renaissance. These series of rations are used in the dimension of room, facade, and interlocking proportions of sequence of space or entire plan.  The image is an example of floor plan of Renaissance style.

Brunelleschi: Plan of Santo Spirito

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Modular
Modular is the proportion system developed by Le Corbusier. The system is based on human measurements and mathematics including the golden section, the Fibonacci series, and aesthetic dimension. The Modular is also a system of measurements which apply to architecture and to mechanic things. 

Heidi Weber Pavilion

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Ken

Ken is the Japanese unit of measure and began to use to design the interval between two columns and varied in sizes. Nowadays, the ken is standardized for architecture and becomes absolute measurement. Not only the ken is the measurement of the construction building, but also it evolved into an aesthetic module. 

 Tokonoma Room

6-mat Room

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Anthropomorphic

Anthropomorphic is the measure of the size and proportion of the human body. The anthropometric proportioning method is also not abstract or symbolic rations, but it is functional. Besides, anthropomorphic method is the forms and spaces in architecture which is either container or external human body and then should be determined by its dimension.

The public plaza, NYC

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Scale: Visual Scale

Scale refers to how we perceive or judge the size of something in relation to something else. Mostly the scale is the result of comparing two things. 

CN Tower

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