Principles

Axis

Axis is a line that is created by two points and is used for a system metrical or balanced manner. It can be useful when it is used to indentify movement and the direction of movement in a work of art. With its definition, an axis has to be terminated at both of its ends to serve both send and receive its visual thrust.

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Symmetry

Symmetry is created by the balanced arrangement of equivalent patterns of form and space on opposite sides of dividing line or plane, or about a center or axis. Symmetry includes Bilateral and Radial symmetry. Bilateral means the balanced arrangement of similar on opposite sides of a median axis. However, Radial means the balanced arrangement of radiating elements which can be divided into similar halves.

The Marble Temple, bangkok, Thailand

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Hierarchy 

Hierarchy’s rule is simply presenting the differences and importance in the design of form and space. The image below presents the principle of hierarchy that provides the differences in designing the two domes, one facing up and the other down.

Congresso National, Brasil

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Rhythm

Rhythm is about any recurring movement presented by patterns or motifs at any regular or irregular intervals. In architecture, the rhythm also unites in the basis of repetition as a method to manage forms and spaces.

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Datum

A datum means a line, plane, or volume of reference to connect other elements.  It also organizes any pattern of elements in any form through its regularity, continuity, and constant presence.

Telefónica Headquarters, Madrid, Spain



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Transformation

The basis of transformation in architecture provides a designer to choose any prototype of architecture models or elements to create or transform it through the series of separate manipulation to respond the specific design. The image below is a shelf that is developed from several small shelves to create the new one for a specific purpose.

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Proportion and Scale

Golden Section 


Golden Section comes from the Pythagorean concept. The Golden Section can be defined as the ratio of the whole line to the large segment which is the same as the ratio of the large segment to the small segment.

 Temple of Neptune

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Classical Orders 

Classical Order is any of several styles of classical architecture that are defined by the particular type of column which is Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite. A column is composed of a shaft together with its base and its capital. The column supports a section of an entablature which constitutes the upper horizontal part of a classical building and is itself composed of an architrave, frieze, and cornice. The image is example of Corinthian column.

The Medici-Riccardi Palazzo

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Renaissance Theories

Renaissance Theories is the basic ratio of proportion of the architecture which was developed from the architects of the Renaissance. These series of rations are used in the dimension of room, facade, and interlocking proportions of sequence of space or entire plan.  The image is an example of floor plan of Renaissance style.

Brunelleschi: Plan of Santo Spirito

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Modular
Modular is the proportion system developed by Le Corbusier. The system is based on human measurements and mathematics including the golden section, the Fibonacci series, and aesthetic dimension. The Modular is also a system of measurements which apply to architecture and to mechanic things. 

Heidi Weber Pavilion

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Ken

Ken is the Japanese unit of measure and began to use to design the interval between two columns and varied in sizes. Nowadays, the ken is standardized for architecture and becomes absolute measurement. Not only the ken is the measurement of the construction building, but also it evolved into an aesthetic module. 

 Tokonoma Room

6-mat Room

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Anthropomorphic

Anthropomorphic is the measure of the size and proportion of the human body. The anthropometric proportioning method is also not abstract or symbolic rations, but it is functional. Besides, anthropomorphic method is the forms and spaces in architecture which is either container or external human body and then should be determined by its dimension.

The public plaza, NYC

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Scale: Visual Scale

Scale refers to how we perceive or judge the size of something in relation to something else. Mostly the scale is the result of comparing two things. 

CN Tower

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CHAPTER 5

c i r c u l a t i o n

Approach

The first phase of the circulation system is approaching a building’s entrance along a path before passing into its interior. The approach to the building and its entrance depends on the paces before the entrance and lengthy and circuitous route.  Normally there are three kinds of the approaches including a frontal, oblique, and spiral path. The spiral path lets us walk around the building before passing into its interior. The oblique path lets us redirect one or more time to access the building. The image below presents the frontal approach that leads us to enter directly into the entrance of a building along straight.

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Entrance

An entrance is a vertical plane that divides inside and outside of a building. The entrance may be a hole of the wall or two columns with an overhead beam. A change in level that can create a threshold with marking the passage from one area to another is also described as the entrance. The image below presents a projected entrance which forms a transition area and provides an overhead shelter.

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Configuration of the Path

All paths are linear and have a starting to destination point. There are several kinds of the contour which depend on a mode of transportation. Even though pedestrians can tolerate changes in direction, they require a greater volume of space and greater freedom of choice along a route. On the other hand, a wheel vehicle may need a smoother path which reflects its turning radius. Any intersections of paths provide people to make decision. The scale of each path also can tell us how difference between a important paths that leads us to the important place and a secondary path that leads us to lesser places

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Path-space Relationships

Relationships between a path and space are composed of passing by spaces, passing through spaces, and terminating in a space. Pass by spaces is the path passes the spaces which maintained their integrity. Passing through spaces may cut in some parts, center of a space, or along its edge. Terminating in a space presents the location in the space which creates the path.

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Form of the circulation space

Spaces between activities or for movement can form the circulation space. With functional linking device, the circulation space may be corridor spaces. With its scale, the circulation space may be the area that people can stroll, rest, or walk in a view along a path. Generally, there three kinds of a circular space including spaces which are enclosed (private corridor), open on one side (balcony), and open on both side (colonnaded passageway).

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